<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ehliyetsizlik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fiil ehliyeti:<\/strong> 18 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015f veya kanundan dolay\u0131 r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcn\u00fc kazanm\u0131\u015f (mahkeme karar\u0131, evlilik vs) ay\u0131rt etme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip, k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmayan bir \u015fahs\u0131n kendi eylem ve i\u015flemleriyle hak elde etme ve\/veya y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na girme yetene\u011fidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 TMK’ md 405 “- Ak\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ak\u0131l zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle i\u015flerini g\u00f6remeyen veya korunmas\u0131 ve bak\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kendisine s\u00fcrekli yard\u0131m gereken ya da ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehlikeye sokan her ergin k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131r.” h\u00fckm\u00fcne amirdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ak\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve\/veya ak\u0131l zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle mahkeme karar\u0131yla hacir alt\u0131na al\u0131nanlar\u0131n, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklerin, mahkumiyet sebebiyle kanundan dolay\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 say\u0131lanlar\u0131n fiil ehliyeti yoktur. Kendi iradeleriyle hak elde edemezler, bor\u00e7 ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na giremezler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisi ile \u201cay\u0131rt\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d kaybeden, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, eylem ve i\u015flemlerinin sebep ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilme, de\u011ferlendirebilme ve ay\u0131rt edebilme kudretini yitiren ki\u015filer kendi iradesi ile bor\u00e7 ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na girebilme ehliyetine sahip de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zellikle 65 ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fc ki\u015filerden m\u00fclk al\u0131rken daha dikkatli olunmal\u0131, akli dengesinin yerinde oldu\u011funa dair rapor istenmelidir. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul edilen demans ve azheimer \u00e7ok yava\u015f ilerleyen, hemen fark edilmeyen, ancak n\u00f6rolojik muayene ve tetkikler sonucu te\u015fhis edilebilen ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 hastal\u0131klard\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Demans hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ak\u0131l zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sebep olan bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Ki\u015filerin entelekt\u00fcel ve ruhsal faaliyetlerini ciddi bir \u015fekilde etkileyen, olaylar\u0131 alg\u0131lama ve do\u011fru kararlar verebilme yetene\u011fine \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etki eden Demans hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n TMK m 405 anlam\u0131nda ak\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ak\u0131l zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131nda teredd\u00fct yoktur. (Demans\u0131n Hukuki Boyutlar\u0131 Legal Aspects Of Dement\u0131a \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Hukuk Y\u00fcksek Lisans Program\u0131 (insan Haklar\u0131 Hukuku) Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. \u0130dil I\u015f\u0131l G\u00fcl 2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Korkutma (\u0130krah)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m 37\/1 \u201cTaraflardan biri, di\u011ferinin veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015finin korkutmas\u0131 sonucu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapm\u0131\u015fsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m 38\/1 \u201cKorkutulan, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kendisinin veya yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan birinin ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na ya da malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik a\u011f\u0131r ve yak\u0131n bir zarar tehlikesinin do\u011fdu\u011funa inanmakta hakl\u0131 ise, korkutma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir kimse kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n veya 3. bir ki\u015finin kendisi veya yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n maddi veya manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 ve esasl\u0131 korkutmas\u0131 sonucu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile ba\u011fl\u0131 say\u0131lamaz. Korkutmadan (ikrahtan) s\u00f6z edilebilmesi i\u00e7in, tehdidin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yapan kimsenin veya yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na veya mal varl\u0131klar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olmas\u0131, korkutmaya maruz kalan\u0131n s\u00fcbjektif durumuna g\u00f6re a\u011f\u0131r ve derhal meydana gelebilecek nitelik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131, haks\u0131z (hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131) say\u0131lmas\u0131, illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, yani s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tehdidin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 korku sonucu yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunludur. (TBK md 38)<\/p>\n\n\n\n A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Yararlanma (Gabin)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m 28\/1 \u201cBir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 edimler aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir orans\u0131zl\u0131k varsa, bu orans\u0131zl\u0131k, zarar g\u00f6renin zor durumda kalmas\u0131ndan veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizli\u011finden ya da deneyimsizli\u011finden yararlan\u0131lmak suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi takdirde, zarar g\u00f6ren, durumun \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re ya s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer tarafa bildirerek ediminin geri verilmesini ya da s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak edimler aras\u0131ndaki orans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesini isteyebilir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dar ve zor durumda kalmalar\u0131 nedeniyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmaya, mallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bedel ile devretmeye s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015f ki\u015fileri korumak zay\u0131f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcye ezdirmemek i\u00e7in 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m 28 maddesinde d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ki\u015finin sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu, i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zor durum ve korkutma hallerinden faydalanarak daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyata mal sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 halinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yararlanma (gabin) varsay\u0131l\u0131r. Edimler aras\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 orans\u0131zl\u0131k, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yararlanman\u0131n (gabin) objektif unsurunu olu\u015fturur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir ki\u015finin darda kalmas\u0131, tecr\u00fcbesizli\u011fi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizli\u011fi (hafiflik) vs hallerinden yararlanmak suretiyle s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek kast\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ise a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yararlanman\u0131n (gabin) subjektif unsurunu olu\u015fturur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Tasarrufta bulunan ki\u015fide Ehliyetsizlik, Korkutma (\u0130krah) ve A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Yararlanma (Gabin) hallerinden birinin veya bir ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde ki\u015fi s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Sat\u0131lan mal ta\u015f\u0131nmaz ise tapu iptal ve tescil davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131labilir, menkul mal ise iadesi i\u00e7in dava a\u00e7\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fclk edinen, dava neticesinde edindi\u011fi m\u00fclk\u00fc kaybedebilir. M\u00fclk\u00fc elden \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015fsa, iyiniyetli \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere devretmi\u015f\/satm\u0131\u015f ise mal bedelini \u00f6demek zorunda kalabilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131 da buna i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi 2014\/2970 E, 2014\/4288 K, \u201cMahkemece, ehliyetsizli\u011fin Adli T\u0131p Kurumu raporuyla saptand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle davac\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 oran\u0131nda tapu iptali ve tescile karar verilmi\u015ftir. Hemen belirtilmelidir ki, davada ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen istekler aras\u0131nda ehliyetsizlik iddias\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 halinde, kamu d\u00fczeniyle ilgisi ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturuldu\u011funda di\u011fer hukuki nedenlerin incelenmesine gerek kalmayaca\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131 g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde, \u00f6ncelikle ehliyetsizlik iddias\u0131 \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gerekece\u011fi, bu husus \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmadan di\u011fer hukuki nedenlerin inceleme konusu yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi 2018\/2713 E, 2020\/2953 K, \u201cDayan\u0131lan nedenlerden birinin ehliyetsizlik olmas\u0131 halinde ise, kamu d\u00fczeniyle ilgili bulunmas\u0131 ve ehliyetsizli\u011fin saptanmas\u0131 halinde \u00f6teki nedenlerin incelenme gere\u011finin ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle bu neden \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ku\u015fkusuzdur. \u2026 hukuki ehliyetsizli\u011fin kamu d\u00fczeni ile ilgili oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zetilerek \u00f6nemine binaen \u00f6ncelikle incelenmesi, gerekli ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve incelemenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, varsa mirasb\u0131rakana ait doktor raporlar\u0131, re\u00e7eteler, hasta m\u00fc\u015fahade ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131 vs. temin edilerek temlik tarihlerinde mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n ehliyetli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde Adli T\u0131p Kurumu D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u0130htisas Kurulundan rapor al\u0131nmas\u0131, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n ehliyetli oldu\u011funun anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde, davada dayan\u0131lan di\u011fer hukuki nedenler olan hile ve gabin iddialar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden toplanan ve toplanacak deliller birlikte de\u011ferlendirilerek h\u00e2s\u0131l olacak sonuca g\u00f6re bir karar verilmesi gerekirken yan\u0131lg\u0131l\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme ve noksan soru\u015fturma ile yetinilerek yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde karar verilmesi do\u011fru de\u011fildir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi 2015\/15100 E, 2018\/14396 K, \u201cEhliyetsizlik iddias\u0131n\u0131n kamu d\u00fczeniyle ilgili olmas\u0131 ve ehliyetsizli\u011fin saptanmas\u0131 halinde di\u011fer nedenlerin incelenmesine gerek kalmayaca\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131 g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde, an\u0131lan iste\u011fin \u00f6ncelikle ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere; davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, eylem ve i\u015flemlerinin sebep ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilme, de\u011ferlendirebilme ve ay\u0131rt edebilme kudreti (g\u00fcc\u00fc) bulunmayan bir kimsenin kendi iradesi ile hak kurabilme, bor\u00e7 (y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck) alt\u0131na girebilme ehliyetinden s\u00f6z edilemez. Nitekim 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanununun (TMK) \u201cfiil ehliyetine sahip olan kimse, kendi fiilleriyle hak edinebilir ve bor\u00e7 alt\u0131na girebilir\u201d bi\u00e7imindeki 9. Maddesi, \u015fahs\u0131n hak elde edebilmesini, bor\u00e7 (y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck) alt\u0131na girebilmesini, fiil ehliyetine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, 10. maddesi de, fiil ehliyetinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ko\u015fulu olarak ay\u0131rt\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc ile ergin (re\u015fit) olmay\u0131 kabul ederek \u201cay\u0131rt etme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip ve k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmayan bir ergin ki\u015finin fiil ehliyeti vard\u0131r.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc getirmi\u015ftir. \u201cAy\u0131rt\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d eylem ve i\u015flev ehliyeti olarak da tarif edilerek, ayn\u0131 yasan\u0131n 13. maddesinde \u201cya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fcz\u00fcnden veya ak\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, ak\u0131l zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sarho\u015fluk yada bunlara benzer sebeplerden biriyle akla uygun bi\u00e7imde davranma yetene\u011finden yoksun olmayan herkes bu kanuna g\u00f6re ay\u0131rt etme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahiptir.\u201d denmek suretiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f, ayr\u0131ca ay\u0131rt\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131ran \u00f6nemli nedenlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. \u2026 TMK’nin 15. maddesinde de ifade edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, ay\u0131rt\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc bulunmayan kimsenin ge\u00e7erli bir iradesinin bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle, kanunda g\u00f6sterilen ayr\u0131k durumlar sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere, yapaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemlere sonu\u00e7 ba\u011flanamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n iyiniyetli olmas\u0131 o i\u015flemi ge\u00e7erli k\u0131lmaz. Bu ilke 11.6.1941 tarih 4\/21 say\u0131l\u0131 Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme Karar\u0131nda da aynen benimsenmi\u015ftir. \u2026 Bu durumda, taraflar\u0131n g\u00f6sterdikleri, t\u00fcm delillerin toplan\u0131lmas\u0131 tan\u0131klardan bu y\u00f6nde a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131, doyurucu somut bilgiler al\u0131nmas\u0131, varsa ehliyetsiz oldu\u011fu iddia edilen ki\u015fiye ait doktor raporlar\u0131, hasta g\u00f6zlem (m\u00fc\u015fahede) ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131, film grafilerinin eksiksiz getirtilmesi zorunludur. Bunun yan\u0131nda, her ne kadar 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanununun 282. maddesinde belirtildi\u011fi gibi bilirki\u015finin \u201coy ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d hakimi ba\u011flamaz ise de, temyiz kudretinin yoklu\u011fu, ya\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ak\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, ak\u0131l zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sarho\u015fluk gibi salt biyolojik nedenlere de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bilin\u00e7, idrak, irade gibi psikolojik unsurlara da ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, ak\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, ak\u0131l zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi biyolojik ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 psikolojik nedenlerin belirlenmesi, \u00e7ok zaman hakimlik mesle\u011finin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zel ve teknik bilgi gerektirmektedir. Hele ay\u0131rt etme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn nispi bir kavram olmas\u0131 ki\u015fiye, eylem ve i\u015fleme g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmesi nedeniyle bu y\u00f6nde en yetkili sa\u011fl\u0131k kurulundan, \u00f6zellikle … Kurumu D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u0130htisas Kurulundan rapor al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 da gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Esasen TMK’nin 409\/2. maddesi ak\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ak\u0131l zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilirki\u015fi raporu ile belirlenece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi 2016\/4269 E, 2016\/5762 K, \u201c\u2026 Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere; s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin gabin (a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yararlanma) nedeniyle illetli oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in edim ve kar\u015f\u0131 edim aras\u0131ndaki orans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, taraflardan birinin, di\u011ferinin \u015fahs\u0131nda mevcut \u00f6zel bir durumu bilerek istismar etmesi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesi sonucu olu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekir. Dar ve zor durumda kalmalar\u0131 nedeniyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmaya, mallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bedel ile devretmeye s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015f ki\u015fileri korumak zay\u0131f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcye ezdirmemek i\u00e7in hukukumuzda da d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 6098 s. T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunun (TBK) 28. (818 s. Bor\u00e7lar Kanunun (BK) 21) maddesi ile aynen; “Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 edimler aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir orans\u0131zl\u0131k varsa, bu orans\u0131zl\u0131k, zarar g\u00f6renin zor durumda kalmas\u0131ndan veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizli\u011finden ya da deneyimsizli\u011finden yararlan\u0131lmak suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi takdirde, zarar g\u00f6ren, durumun \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re ya s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer tarafa bildirerek ediminin geri verilmesini ya da s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak edimler aras\u0131ndaki orans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesini isteyebilir. Zarar g\u00f6ren bu hakk\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizlik veya deneyimsizli\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi; zor durumda kalmada ise, bu durumun ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten ba\u015flayarak bir y\u0131l ve her h\u00e2lde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kuruldu\u011fu tarihten ba\u015flayarak be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kullanabilir.” h\u00fckm\u00fc getirilmi\u015ftir. O h\u00e2lde, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yararlanmadan (gabin ) s\u00f6z edilebilmesi, objektif unsur olan edimler aras\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 orans\u0131zl\u0131k yan\u0131nda, bir taraf\u0131n darda kalma, tecr\u00fcbesizlik, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizlik (hafiflik) hallerinin bulunmas\u0131, di\u011fer yan\u0131n ise yararlanmak, s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek kast\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde iki s\u00fcbjektif unsurun dahi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u2026 Hemen belirtmek gerekir ki gabin davas\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle edimler aras\u0131ndaki, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 orans\u0131zl\u0131k \u00fczerinde durulmal\u0131, objektif unsur ispatland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia edenin ki\u015fili\u011fi, ya\u015f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu, toplumdaki yeri, ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc psikolojik yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi maddi, manevi y\u00f6nler yani s\u00fcbjektif unsur derinli\u011fine ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p incelenmelidir.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcne amirdir. Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi 2015\/13939 E, 2018\/11460 K say\u0131l\u0131 ilam da ayn\u0131 i\u00e7eriktedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi 2015\/13741 E, 2018\/11469 K, \u201c6098 s. T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun (TBK) 37. (818 s. Bor\u00e7lar Kanunun (BK) 29.) maddesine g\u00f6re, bir kimse, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015finin kendisi veya yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n maddi veya manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 ve esasl\u0131 korkutmas\u0131 sonucu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile ba\u011fl\u0131 say\u0131lamaz. TBK’nin 38. (BK’nin 30.) maddesinde belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere korkutmadan (ikrahtan) s\u00f6z edilebilmesi i\u00e7in, tehdidin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yapan kimsenin veya yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na veya mal varl\u0131klar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olmas\u0131, korkutmaya maruz kalan\u0131n s\u00fcbjektif durumuna g\u00f6re a\u011f\u0131r ve derhal meydana gelebilecek nitelik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131, haks\u0131z (hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131) say\u0131lmas\u0131, illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, yani s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tehdidin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 korku sonucu yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunludur. Bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde iradesi sakatlanan taraf, isterse iptal hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak suretiyle hukuki ili\u015fkiyi ge\u00e7mi\u015fe etkili (makable \u015famil) olarak ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131labilir. Hemen belirtmek gerekir ki, iptal hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fekle ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Korkunun kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten itibaren bir y\u0131ll\u0131k hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde s\u00f6zle\u015fme kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa y\u00f6neltilecek tek tarafl\u0131 sarih ve z\u0131mni bir irade a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ile feshedilebilece\u011fi gibi def’i veya dava yoluyla da kullan\u0131labilir. (TBK’nin 39. m.) S\u00f6zle\u015fme iptal edilmekle yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan itibaren ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, yerine getirilen edim istihkak davas\u0131 (tapulu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda iptal ve tescil davas\u0131), bunun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde sebepsiz zenginle\u015fme davas\u0131 ile geri istenebilir. \u00d6te yandan, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin gabin (a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yararlanma) nedeniyle illetli oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in edim ve kar\u015f\u0131 edim aras\u0131ndaki orans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, taraflardan birinin, di\u011ferinin \u015fahs\u0131nda mevcut \u00f6zel bir durumu bilerek istismar etmesi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesi sonucu olu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekir. Dar ve zor durumda kalmalar\u0131 nedeniyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmaya, mallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bedel ile devretmeye s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015f ki\u015fileri korumak zay\u0131f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcye ezdirmemek i\u00e7in hukukumuzda da d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 6098 s. T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunun (TBK) 28. (818 s. Bor\u00e7lar Kanunun (BK) 21) maddesi ile aynen; “Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 edimler aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir orans\u0131zl\u0131k varsa, bu orans\u0131zl\u0131k, zarar g\u00f6renin zor durumda kalmas\u0131ndan veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizli\u011finden ya da deneyimsizli\u011finden yararlan\u0131lmak suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi takdirde, zarar g\u00f6ren, durumun \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re ya s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer tarafa bildirerek ediminin geri verilmesini ya da s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak edimler aras\u0131ndaki orans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesini isteyebilir. Zarar g\u00f6ren bu hakk\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizlik veya deneyimsizli\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi; zor durumda kalmada ise, bu durumun ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten ba\u015flayarak bir y\u0131l ve her h\u00e2lde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kuruldu\u011fu tarihten ba\u015flayarak be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kullanabilir.” h\u00fckm\u00fc getirilmi\u015ftir. O halde, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yararlanmadan (gabinden) s\u00f6z edilebilmesi, objektif unsur olan edimler aras\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 orans\u0131zl\u0131k yan\u0131nda, bir taraf\u0131n darda kalma, tecr\u00fcbesizlik, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizlik (hafiflik) hallerinin bulunmas\u0131, di\u011fer yan\u0131n ise yararlanmak, s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek kast\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde iki s\u00fcbjektif unsurun dahi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u2026 Gabin davas\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle edimler aras\u0131ndaki, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 orans\u0131zl\u0131k \u00fczerinde durulmal\u0131, objektif unsur ispatland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia edenin ki\u015fili\u011fi, ya\u015f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu, toplumdaki yeri, ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc psikolojik yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi maddi, manevi y\u00f6nler yani s\u00fcbjektif unsur derinli\u011fine ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p incelenmelidir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi 2014\/20924 E, 2017\/1616 K, \u201c\u2026 davada ehliyetsizlik ve gabin hukuksal nedenine dayan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere; s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin gabin (a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yararlanma) nedeniyle illetli oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in edim ve kar\u015f\u0131 edim aras\u0131ndaki orans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, taraflardan birinin, di\u011ferinin \u015fahs\u0131nda mevcut \u00f6zel bir durumu bilerek istismar etmesi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesi sonucu olu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekir. Dar ve zor durumda kalmalar\u0131 nedeniyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmaya, mallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bedel ile devretmeye s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015f ki\u015fileri korumak zay\u0131f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcye ezdirmemek i\u00e7in hukukumuzda da d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 6098 s. T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunun (TBK) 28. (818 s. Bor\u00e7lar Kanunun (BK) 21) maddesi ile aynen; “Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 edimler aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir orans\u0131zl\u0131k varsa, bu orans\u0131zl\u0131k, zarar g\u00f6renin zor durumda kalmas\u0131ndan veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizli\u011finden ya da deneyimsizli\u011finden yararlan\u0131lmak suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi takdirde, zarar g\u00f6ren, durumun \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re ya s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer tarafa bildirerek ediminin geri verilmesini ya da s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak edimler aras\u0131ndaki orans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesini isteyebilir. Zarar g\u00f6ren bu hakk\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizlik veya deneyimsizli\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi; zor durumda kalmada ise, bu durumun ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten ba\u015flayarak bir y\u0131l ve her h\u00e2lde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kuruldu\u011fu tarihten ba\u015flayarak be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kullanabilir.” h\u00fckm\u00fc getirilmi\u015ftir. O halde, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yararlanmadan (gabinden) s\u00f6z edilebilmesi, objektif unsur olan edimler aras\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 orans\u0131zl\u0131k yan\u0131nda, bir taraf\u0131n darda kalma, tecr\u00fcbesizlik, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizlik (hafiflik) hallerinin bulunmas\u0131, di\u011fer yan\u0131n ise yararlanmak, s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek kast\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde iki s\u00fcbjektif unsurun dahi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u2026 Hemen belirtmek gerekir ki, gabin davas\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle edimler aras\u0131ndaki, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 orans\u0131zl\u0131k \u00fczerinde durulmal\u0131, objektif unsur ispatland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia edenin ki\u015fili\u011fi, ya\u015f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu, toplumdaki yeri, ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc psikolojik yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi maddi, manevi y\u00f6nler yani s\u00fcbjektif unsur derinli\u011fine ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p incelenmelidir. \u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hukuk S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Yetkin Hukuk Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 Prof. Dr Ejder Y\u0131lmaz<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu<\/p>\n\n\n\n Demans\u0131n Hukuki Boyutlar\u0131 Legal Aspects Of Dement\u0131a \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Hukuk Y\u00fcksek Lisans Program\u0131 (insan Haklar\u0131 Hukuku) Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. \u0130dil I\u015f\u0131l G\u00fcl 2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ehliyetsizlik Fiil ehliyeti: 18 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015f veya kanundan dolay\u0131 r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcn\u00fc kazanm\u0131\u015f (mahkeme karar\u0131, evlilik vs) ay\u0131rt etme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip, k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmayan bir \u015fahs\u0131n kendi eylem ve i\u015flemleriyle hak elde etme ve\/veya y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na girme yetene\u011fidir. 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 TMK’ md 405 “- Ak\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ak\u0131l zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle i\u015flerini g\u00f6remeyen veya korunmas\u0131 ve bak\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,6,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-borclar","category-hukuk","category-medeni"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kaleli.av.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/480","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kaleli.av.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kaleli.av.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kaleli.av.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kaleli.av.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=480"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.kaleli.av.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/480\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":481,"href":"http:\/\/www.kaleli.av.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/480\/revisions\/481"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kaleli.av.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=480"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kaleli.av.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=480"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kaleli.av.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=480"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}